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地域共生社会:日本构建全民参与的社区支持网络

2026/1/21
地域共生社会:日本构建全民参与的社区支持网络
AI Summary (BLUF)

Community Cohesive Society (地域共生社会) is a Japanese policy framework aiming for mutual community support beyond administrative silos, addressing isolation through resident-led networks, digital tools, and cross-sector collaboration to build sustainable, inclusive local societies.

What is Community Cohesive Society? (什么是地域共生社会?)

Community Cohesive Society (地域共生社会) is defined as a society where local residents and diverse community stakeholders participate beyond traditional "provider-recipient" relationships and sectoral silos. According to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, it's a society where "people and resources connect across generations and sectors to jointly create daily life, purpose, and community for each resident."

地域共生社会被定义为一种超越传统的“提供者-接受者”关系和部门孤岛,由当地居民和多样化的社区利益相关者共同参与的社会。根据厚生劳动省的说法,这是一个“人与资源跨越世代和部门相互连接,共同为每位居民创造日常生活、生活目标和社区”的社会。

The concept emerged in national policy in 2016 within the "One Hundred Million Active Participation Plan" and gained formal structure through the establishment of the "My Matter, Whole Community" Realization Headquarters in 2017. The policy responds to weakening family and community ties, social isolation among various groups (including elderly living alone, isolated child-rearing households, and youth), and people falling through gaps in public systems.

这一概念于2016年出现在国家政策“一亿总活跃计划”中,并通过2017年成立的“我事·全社区”实现本部获得了正式架构。该政策旨在应对家庭和社区联系减弱、不同群体(包括独居老人、孤立育儿家庭和年轻人)的社会孤立,以及落入公共体系缝隙的人群等问题。

Key Challenges to Mutual Support (互助面临的关键挑战)

1. Administrative Silos and Difficult Coordination (行政“竖井”与协调困难)

Separate systems for healthcare, nursing care, welfare, and child-rearing often result in fragmented support for households facing multiple challenges. Cases like "double care" (simultaneous child-rearing and elderly care) and the "8050 problem" (elderly parents supporting withdrawn middle-aged children) highlight the need for cross-sectoral support.

医疗、护理、福利和育儿等独立体系通常导致面临多重挑战的家庭获得的支持是碎片化的。“双重照护”(同时进行育儿和老人照护)和“8050问题”(年迈父母支持闭门不出的中年子女)等案例凸显了跨部门支持的必要性。

2. Shortage of Support Personnel (支持人员短缺)

While the number of people needing support increases, personnel on the supporting side tend to be insufficient. According to industry reports, volunteers and welfare workers are aging, especially in rural areas, making it difficult to pass responsibilities to the next generation. Financial constraints also pose challenges, necessitating effective and efficient support systems within limited resources.

虽然需要支持的人数在增加,但支持方的人员往往不足。根据行业报告,志愿者和福利工作者正在老龄化,尤其是在农村地区,这使得将责任传递给下一代变得困难。财政限制也带来了挑战,需要在有限资源内建立有效且高效的支持体系。

3. Increasingly Isolated Local Communities (日益孤立的当地社区)

Weakening community and family connections further complicate mutual support. The number of elderly living alone continues to rise, and voices saying "I'm struggling but can't tell anyone" or "I have no one to call for help" are heard even in regional cities. While building daily helping relationships is ideal, reality is more complex.

社区和家庭联系的减弱使互助进一步复杂化。独居老人的数量持续上升,即使在地方城市也能听到“我很困难但无法告诉任何人”或“我无人可求助”的声音。虽然建立日常互助关系是理想状态,但现实更为复杂。

Pathways to Realization: Future Insights (实现路径:未来启示)

Strengthening Comprehensive Support Systems (加强综合性支持体系)

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare bases the realization of Community Cohesive Society on four pillars: strengthening local problem-solving capacity, enhancing whole-community connections, reinforcing community-based comprehensive support, and maximizing the utilization of professional personnel.

厚生劳动省将地域共生社会的实现建立在四大支柱之上:加强地方问题解决能力、增强全社区联系、强化基于社区的综合支持,以及最大化专业人员的利用。

Based on this policy, the "Multi-layered Support System Development Project" (重層的支援体制整備事業) launched in 2020 after legal revisions. This new mechanism provides seamless support to people with various challenges through integrated consultation support, participation support (connection-building), and community development support (creating mutual support mechanisms among residents). Implementation began fully in 2021 and is expanding nationwide.

基于此政策,法律修订后于2020年启动了“多层支持体系发展项目”。这一新机制通过综合咨询支持、参与支持(建立联系)和社区发展支持(创建居民间互助机制),为面临各种挑战的人们提供无缝支持。该项目于2021年全面启动,并在全国范围内推广。

Leveraging Digital Power (利用数字力量)

Digital technology also supports Community Cohesive Society. For example, Utsunomiya City in Tochigi Prefecture utilizes AI and 5G within its smart city vision to develop services for shopping assistance, mobility support, and health management. Tagawa City in Fukuoka Prefecture collaborates with NTT to use digital technology for broadcasting local sports and improving transportation convenience. Such technologies can be powerful supporters in areas with personnel shortages.

数字技术也支持地域共生社会。例如,栃木县宇都宫市在其智慧城市愿景中利用人工智能和5G技术,开发购物援助、出行支持和健康管理服务。福冈县田川市与NTT合作,利用数字技术转播当地体育赛事并提高交通便利性。此类技术可以成为人员短缺地区的强大支持者。

Fostering Diverse Collaboration (促进多样化协作)

Collaboration beyond just administration is required—welfare corporations, businesses, community groups, and residents must work together to treat community issues as "their own matter." The "Social Welfare Collaboration Promotion Corporation System" (社会福祉連携推進法人制度), established through the 2020 Social Welfare Act revision, enables multiple welfare corporations to collaborate efficiently and address diverse local welfare needs while maintaining independence.

需要超越行政的协作——福利法人、企业、社区团体和居民必须共同努力,将社区问题视为“自己的事”。通过2020年《社会福利法》修订建立的“社会福利协作促进法人制度”,使多个福利法人能够在保持独立性的同时进行高效协作,并满足多样化的地方福利需求。

Model Case Study: Resident-Created Network (模型案例研究:居民创建的网络)

The most representative and notable model case is Yamagata Prefecture's Kawanishi Town "Kirari Yoshijima Network" (きらりよしじまネットワーク), established in 2007. This is a rare "all-resident participation" organization where approximately 750 households participate. Driven by the strong will to "protect our community ourselves" and "pass this area to the next generation," it conducts diverse activities including elderly watch, snow removal, disaster prevention, shopping support, child-rearing support, sports promotion, and local event management.

最具代表性和著名的模型案例是山形县川西町于2007年建立的“Kirari Yoshijima网络”。这是一个罕见的“全居民参与”组织,约有750户家庭参与。在“我们自己保护我们的社区”和“将这片区域传给下一代”的强烈意愿驱动下,它开展了包括老年人看护、除雪、防灾、购物支持、育儿支持、体育推广和地方活动管理在内的多样化活动。

Key points of the Kirari Yoshijima Network include building connections beyond provider-recipient relationships through all-resident participation, operating autonomously and independently rather than depending on administration, and embedding awareness to connect the area to the next generation for sustainable community development. This initiative, led by residents even before the Ministry's efforts began, serves as a model where each resident acts as a "community manager."

Kirari Yoshijima网络的关键点包括:通过全居民参与建立超越提供者-接受者关系的联系;自主独立运作而非依赖行政;以及嵌入将地区与下一代连接起来以实现可持续社区发展的意识。这项在厚生劳动省举措开始之前就由居民领导的倡议,是一个每位居民都充当“社区管理者”的典范。

Everyone as a Participant: Making it "Our Matter" (人人都是参与者:使其成为“我们的事”)

While replicating the Kirari Yoshijima Network exactly may be difficult elsewhere, it's crucial for each individual to have awareness as a "participant in creating Community Cohesive Society." This society isn't just for administration or welfare specialists. Small steps—helping an elderly person with heavy groceries at the supermarket, greeting a neighbor, or participating slightly in a local event—can gradually change community dynamics.

虽然在其他地方完全复制Kirari Yoshijima网络可能很困难,但每个人都要有作为“创建地域共生社会的参与者”的意识,这一点至关重要。这个社会不仅仅属于行政或福利专家。小小的举动——在超市帮助老人提重物、问候邻居,或稍微参与当地活动——都能逐渐改变社区的动态。

Beyond systems, the involvement of each person living in the community influences the realization of Community Cohesive Society. Moving toward a society where no one is left behind and everyone can live authentically requires each of us to participate as "our matter." For building a sustainable Japanese society, Community Cohesive Society is an important concept. Currently perceived as limited to Ministry policy, this effort isn't confined to welfare policy—it's also about reconstructing a society where each of us can live with security. Future considerations should examine Community Cohesive Society from various contexts like urban planning, local economy, and immigration issues.

超越制度,社区中每个人的参与影响着地域共生社会的实现。迈向一个无人掉队、每个人都能真实生活的社会,需要我们每个人都以“我们的事”来参与。对于构建可持续的日本社会而言,地域共生社会是一个重要的概念。目前它被视为仅限于厚生劳动省的政策,但这项努力并不局限于福利政策——它也是关于重建一个我们每个人都能安心生活的社会。未来的思考应从城市规划、地方经济和移民问题等多种背景来审视地域共生社会

Frequently Asked Questions (常见问题)

  1. 地域共生社会的主要目标是什么?

    其主要目标是超越传统的福利服务提供者和接受者角色,通过促进社区居民、组织及资源之间的跨代际、跨领域连接,共同解决本地化社会问题,构建一个包容、互助、可持续的社区环境,确保无人被孤立或遗漏。

  2. 实现地域共生社会面临的最大障碍是什么?

    主要障碍包括:行政部门的“竖井”式管理导致跨领域(如医疗、福祉、育儿)协作困难;支持性人力资源(如志愿者、专业工作者)短缺,尤其在老龄化严重的乡村地区;以及现代社会普遍存在的社区联系弱化与居民孤立问题。

  3. 重層的支援体制整備事業”具体指什么?

    这是日本厚生劳动省为推进地域共生社会于2020年启动的核心项目。它旨在建立一种多层级的支持体系,通过设立综合咨询窗口、提供无缝衔接的“一站式”支持服务、促进居民社会参与、并构建包括NPO、企业在内的本地支持网络,为面临复杂、复合型生活课题的个人和家庭提供“全覆盖”式援助。

  4. 数字技术如何助力地域共生社会

    数字技术可作为关键赋能工具。例如,利用AI和物联网(IoT)进行独居老人安全看护与健康监测;通过平台匹配社区内的互助需求与供给(如购物代办、陪伴);利用5G和在线平台打破地理限制,为偏远地区居民提供远程医疗、教育或社交机会,从而弥补人力资源的不足。

  5. 普通居民可以如何参与地域共生社会建设?

    居民可以从身边小事做起,例如:主动与邻居打招呼、参与社区清洁或节庆活动、利用自身技能为社区提供微志愿服务(如教老年人使用智能手机)、关注并支持本地的社会企业或互助项目。核心是将社区事务视为“自家事”,从被动接受服务转变为主动的社区共建参与者。

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