Schema.org医疗健康类型：结构化标记技术解析与应用指南

Introduction

This document provides a technical overview of the health and medical types within the Schema.org vocabulary, specifically the MedicalEntity type and its numerous subtypes. These schemas are designed for publishers who wish to add structured data markup to health-related web content. The primary goal, consistent with all Schema.org efforts, is to enhance content discoverability by exposing its inherent structure to search engines and other applications that can parse this metadata.

本文档对 Schema.org 词汇表中的健康和医疗类型进行了技术概述，特别是 MedicalEntity 类型及其众多子类型。这些模式专为希望在健康相关网络内容中添加结构化数据标记的发布者设计。其主要目标与所有 Schema.org 的工作一致，即通过向搜索引擎和其他能够解析此元数据的应用程序公开内容的内在结构，来增强内容的可发现性。

Note: This documentation references the development version of Schema.org. For details on our versioning process, see how we work.

注意：本文档引用的是 Schema.org 的开发版本。有关我们版本控制流程的详细信息，请参阅我们的工作方式。

Scope and Purpose

The scope of entities covered in this section is intentionally broad, encompassing content aimed at both general consumers and healthcare professionals. Consequently, any single piece of content will likely utilize only a subset of the available types and properties. It is crucial to understand that this schema is designed for web publishing use cases—it is not intended for clinical data exchange or as a system for clinical markup within electronic health records.

本节涵盖的实体范围有意设计得较为宽泛，包含了针对普通消费者和医疗保健专业人员的内容。因此，任何单一内容可能只使用可用类型和属性的一个子集。必须理解的是，此模式是为网络发布用例设计的——它并非用于临床数据交换或作为电子健康记录内的临床标记系统。

Furthermore, this schema does not aim to define a new controlled medical vocabulary. Instead, it is designed to complement existing, well-established ontologies and terminologies (e.g., MeSH医学主题词表，一种受控医学术语体系，用于索引生物医学文献。, SNOMED系统化医学术语，临床术语标准，用于电子健康记录。 CT, ICD国际疾病分类，用于疾病统计和健康管理的分类系统。, RxNorm, UMLS). The schema's focus is on surfacing the existence of and relationships between medical entities described in content. While it provides properties (like code) to link entities to codes from external vocabularies, the specific naming conventions or coding systems themselves are outside its scope.

此外，此模式并不旨在定义新的受控医学术语表。相反，它旨在补充现有的、成熟的本体和术语体系（例如，MeSH医学主题词表，一种受控医学术语体系，用于索引生物医学文献。、SNOMED系统化医学术语，临床术语标准，用于电子健康记录。 CT、ICD国际疾病分类，用于疾病统计和健康管理的分类系统。、RxNorm、UMLS）。该模式的重点是揭示内容中描述的医疗实体的存在性和相互关系。虽然它提供了属性（如 code）来将实体链接到外部词汇表的代码，但具体的命名约定或编码系统本身不在其范围之内。

Key Entity Types

The health and medical schema includes a wide array of types. Below are some of the core entities for marking up common medical content:

健康和医疗模式包含多种类型。以下是一些用于标记常见医疗内容的核心实体：

• MedicalCondition表示特定医疗病症的信息，如疾病或健康问题。 - Represents a specific medical condition, disease, or pathology. (表示特定的医疗状况、疾病或病理。)
• Drug表示医疗药物的信息，包括药品名称、适应症等。 - Represents a medical drug表示医疗药物的信息，包括药品名称、适应症等。, including prescription, over-the-counter, and dietary supplements. (表示医疗药物，包括处方药、非处方药和膳食补充剂。)
• MedicalGuideline表示医疗指南，提供医疗实践的建议或标准。 - Represents a guideline or recommendation in medical practice. (表示医疗实践中的指南或建议。)
• MedicalWebPage表示关于健康或医疗主题的单主题网页，可使用aspect属性标记医疗实践方面。 - A WebPage dedicated to a single health or medical topic. (专用于单一健康或医疗主题的网页。)
• MedicalScholarlyArticle表示医学学术出版物的记录、摘要或全文页面。 - Represents the record, abstract, or full text of a medical scholarly publication. (表示医学学术出版物的记录、摘要或全文。)

Background and Motivation

A vast amount of high-quality health information exists online, yet discovering and navigating it remains challenging. Search engines traditionally rely on keywords, often overlooking the rich, structured medical knowledge implicitly present in the content. This can cause authoritative content to be buried if it doesn't align with common search terms. While the medical community has developed sophisticated structured ontologies, this structure is rarely exposed on the open web in a machine-readable format.

网络上存在大量高质量的健康信息，但发现和浏览这些信息仍然具有挑战性。传统上，搜索引擎依赖关键词，常常忽略了内容中隐含的丰富、结构化的医学知识。如果权威内容与常见的搜索词不匹配，就可能导致其被埋没。尽管医学界已经开发了复杂的结构化本体，但这种结构很少以机器可读的格式在开放网络上公开。

To bridge this gap, Schema.org introduced a set of health and medical types. The design philosophy was distinct: to provide a simple, practical markup framework for web publishers, with the primary goal of helping patients, clinicians, and health-conscious consumers find relevant information through search. This initiative was not designed to replace clinical ontologies, enumerate all medical instances, or support automated reasoning—goals that would necessitate a far more complex and restrictive model.

为了弥合这一差距，Schema.org 引入了一系列健康和医疗类型。其设计理念是独特的：为网络发布者提供一个简单、实用的标记框架，主要目标是帮助患者、临床医生和注重健康的消费者通过搜索找到相关信息。此计划并非旨在取代临床本体、枚举所有医学实例或支持自动推理——这些目标将需要一个更为复杂和限制性的模型。

This effort was a collaboration that combined search expertise from Schema.org partners with invaluable feedback from medical experts at institutions like the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Harvard, and Duke, as well as from major health websites. Contributions from the W3C Healthcare and Lifesciences group were also instrumental.

这项努力是一次协作，结合了 Schema.org 合作伙伴的搜索专业知识，以及来自美国国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI)、哈佛大学、杜克大学等机构的医学专家和主要健康网站的无价反馈。W3C 医疗保健与生命科学小组的贡献也起到了关键作用。

Core Modeling Approach

The schema models a core set of medical entities and the relationships between them. Key entity categories include:

该模式对一组核心医疗实体及其之间的关系进行建模。关键的实体类别包括：

• Conditions (病症)
• Therapies (including Drugs and Procedures) (疗法，包括药物和程序)
• Symptoms (症状)
• Anatomical Structures (解剖结构)
• Medical Tests (医学测试)
• Medical Devices (医疗设备)

Properties on these types define their relationships. For example, a Drug can have an indication property linking it to a MedicalCondition it treats. This allows for two markup strategies:

这些类型上的属性定义了它们之间的关系。例如，一种 Drug 可以有一个 indication 属性，将其链接到它所治疗的 MedicalCondition。这允许两种标记策略：

1. Rich Relationship Markup: Marking up both entities and their connections. This offers the greatest potential for precise retrieval based on user intent.

   丰富的关系标记：同时标记实体及其联系。这为基于用户意图进行精确检索提供了最大潜力。

2. Simple Entity Tagging: Only tagging the medical concepts themselves, without defining relationships. This is less expressive but still improves content discovery by exposing the core topics.

   简单的实体标记：仅标记医疗概念本身，而不定义关系。这种方式表达能力较弱，但通过揭示核心主题，仍然能改善内容发现。

Example: Relationship Markup

The following HTML snippet uses microdata to mark up Ibuprofen as a Drug and explicitly states its indication for treating "headache" (a MedicalCondition).

以下 HTML 代码片段使用微数据将布洛芬标记为 Drug，并明确说明其治疗"头痛"（一种 MedicalCondition）的 indication。

<div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Drug">
  <span itemprop="name">Ibuprofen</span> is indicated for
  <span itemprop="indication" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/TreatmentIndication">
    <span itemprop="name">headache</span>
  </span>.
</div>

This structured data helps a search engine understand that this page is relevant to queries like "headache treatment."

这种结构化数据有助于搜索引擎理解此页面与"头痛治疗"等查询相关。

Targeting Content to Specific Audiences

A significant challenge in medical search is catering to diverse audiences—patients, clinicians, and researchers—who may use different terminology and seek different content depths. The schema provides properties to address this:

医学搜索中的一个重大挑战是迎合不同的受众——患者、临床医生和研究人员——他们可能使用不同的术语并寻求不同深度的内容。该模式提供了属性来解决这个问题：

• audience (on WebPage/MedicalWebPage): Specify the target audience (e.g., Patient, Clinician, Researcher).

  audience (位于 WebPage/MedicalWebPage 上)：指定目标受众（例如，患者、临床医生、研究人员）。

• specialty (on MedicalWebPage): For clinician-targeted content, specify the medical specialty (e.g., Cardiology, Pediatrics).

  specialty (位于 MedicalWebPage 上)：针对临床医生的内容，指定医学专业（例如，心脏病学、儿科）。

• aspect (on MedicalWebPage): Tag the clinical aspect discussed (e.g., Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, SideEffects).

  aspect (位于 MedicalWebPage 上)：标记所讨论的临床方面（例如，诊断、治疗、预防、副作用）。

Using these properties allows publishers to give clear signals about their content's intended audience and focus, enabling search engines and applications to serve more relevant results.

使用这些属性可以让发布者清晰地表明其内容的目标受众和重点，使搜索引擎和应用程序能够提供更相关的结果。