Schema.org架构解析：827种类型与扩展机制详解

Introduction

Schema.org provides a shared, structured vocabulary that webmasters can use to mark up their pages in ways recognized by major search engines. This markup helps search engines understand the content of a page and provide richer, more informative search results. At its core, Schema.org is a collection of schemas—types and properties—organized in a machine-readable hierarchy.

Schema.org 为网站管理员提供了一套共享的、结构化的词汇表，可用于以主流搜索引擎能够识别的方式标记网页内容。这种标记有助于搜索引擎理解页面内容，并提供更丰富、信息量更大的搜索结果。其核心是一系列模式（Schemas）——即类型（Types）Schema.org词汇表中的核心概念类别，按层次结构组织，如CreativeWork、Person、Product等和属性（Properties）用于描述类型特征的数据字段，如name、description、image等——它们以机器可读的层次结构进行组织。

Organization of Schemas

The Schema.org vocabulary is built around a hierarchy of 'types', each associated with a set of 'properties'. This structure allows for inheritance, where more specific types (like Book or Movie) inherit properties from more general parent types (like CreativeWork). The current development version of the vocabulary is extensive, comprising:

• 827 Types (类型)
• 1528 Properties (属性)
• 14 Datatypes (数据类型)
• 94 Enumerations (枚举类型)
• 522 Enumeration members (枚举成员)

Schema.org 词汇表围绕“类型”的层次结构构建，每种类型都与一组“属性”相关联。这种结构支持继承，更具体的类型（如 Book 或 Movie）可以从更通用的父类型（如 CreativeWork）继承属性。当前开发版本的词汇表规模庞大，包含：

• 827 个类型
• 1528 个属性
• 14 种数据类型
• 94 个枚举类型
• 522 个枚举成员

Navigating the Vocabulary

You can explore this hierarchy through several methods:

• Browse the full hierarchy in HTML:
  • One page per type (每个类型一个页面)
  • Full list of types, shown on one page (所有类型显示在一个页面上)
• Look up a term using the Term Finder.
• Jump directly to a commonly used type:
  • Creative works (创意作品): CreativeWork, Book, Movie, MusicRecording, Recipe, TVSeries ...
  • Embedded non-text objects (嵌入式非文本对象): AudioObject, ImageObject, VideoObject
  • Event (事件)
  • Health and medical types (健康和医疗类型): notes under MedicalEntity.
  • Organization (组织)
  • Person (人物)
  • Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant ... (地点，本地商家，餐厅...)
  • Product, Offer, AggregateOffer (产品，报价，聚合报价)
  • Review, AggregateRating (评论，聚合评分)
  • Action (行动)

您可以通过以下几种方法探索这个层次结构：

• 浏览完整的 HTML 层次结构：
  • 每个类型一个页面
  • 所有类型显示在一个页面上
• 使用术语查找器查找特定术语。
  • 创意作品: CreativeWork, Book, Movie, MusicRecording, Recipe, TVSeries ...
  • 嵌入式非文本对象: AudioObject, ImageObject, VideoObject
  • Event
  • 健康和医疗类型: 位于 MedicalEntity 下的说明。
  • Organization
  • Person
  • Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant ...
  • Product, Offer, AggregateOffer
  • Review, AggregateRating
  • Action

For developers, machine-readable definitions (RDF, JSON-LD, etc.) are available via the Schema.org for Developers page. The underlying data model and primitive data types (for numbers, text, etc.) are detailed here.

对于开发者，可通过 Schema.org for Developers 页面获取机器可读的定义（RDF、JSON-LD 等）。底层数据模型和原始数据类型（用于数字、文本等）的详细信息见此处。

Extensions

As Schema.org has evolved, the project has introduced mechanisms for community extension. This allows for the creation of more detailed, specialized vocabularies that build upon the core Schema.org definitions. Some of these extensions are integrated as "named extensions" or "hosted sections" within the main schema.org site, providing dedicated entry points while remaining part of the single vocabulary collection.

随着 Schema.org 的发展，该项目引入了社区扩展机制。这使得可以创建更详细、更专业的词汇表，这些词汇表建立在 Schema.org 核心定义之上。其中一些扩展作为“命名扩展”或“托管部分”集成在 schema.org 主站点内，提供了专门的入口点，同时仍然是单一词汇表集合的一部分。

Hosted Sections

Hosted sections are integrated views into the Schema.org vocabulary for specific domains. For example:

• The auto section provides properties like emissionsCO2.
• The bib (bibliographic) section includes properties like publisherImprint.

From a data publisher's perspective, these are simply standard Schema.org properties. Key hosted sections include:

• auto (汽车)
• bib (文献目录)
• health-lifesci (健康与生命科学)
• meta (元数据)
• pending (待定)

托管部分是针对特定领域的、集成在 Schema.org 词汇表中的视图。例如：

• auto 部分提供了如 emissionsCO2 这样的属性。
• bib（文献目录）部分包含了如 publisherImprint 这样的属性。
  从数据发布者的角度来看，这些就是标准的 Schema.org 属性。主要的托管部分包括：
• auto
• bib
• health-lifesci
• meta
• pending

Important Notes on Special Sections:

• pending: This section serves as a staging area for new terms under community discussion and review. Implementors should be cautious: terms here may lack consensus and are subject to significant change. Early adopters are strongly encouraged to provide feedback and be prepared to update their implementations.
• meta: This section contains vocabulary used internally by Schema.org for technical definitions and site functionality. These terms are not intended for general public use on the web.
• attic: This is an archive for terms that have been deprecated from the core/other sections or rejected from the pending section. Terms in the attic should not be used in new implementations. Unlike core terms, the pending, meta, and attic sections may be updated at any time outside of formal release cycles.

关于特殊部分的重要说明：

• pending（待定）：此部分作为新术语在社区讨论和审查中的暂存区。实施者应谨慎：此处的术语可能尚未达成共识，且可能发生重大变更。强烈鼓励早期采用者提供反馈，并准备好更新其实现。
• meta（元数据）：此部分包含 Schema.org 内部用于技术定义和站点功能的词汇。这些术语不适用于在公共网络上的通用用途。
• attic（阁楼）：这是一个存档区，用于存放已从核心/其他部分弃用或从 pending 部分拒绝的术语。不应在新实现中使用阁楼中的术语。与核心术语不同，pending、meta 和 attic 部分可以在正式发布周期之外随时更新。

External Extensions

The Schema.org steering group does not officially approve external extensions; they are independent projects. However, Schema.org acknowledges notable external extensions that usefully complement the core vocabulary. Examples include:

• GS1 Web Vocabulary (GS1 网络词汇表): An extension for product data in retail and supply chains.
• Croissant (可颂): A community-built metadata vocabulary for machine learning datasets.

Schema.org 指导小组不正式批准外部扩展；它们是独立的项目。然而，Schema.org 会认可那些对核心词汇表有重要补充作用的著名外部扩展。例如：

• GS1 网络词汇表：用于零售和供应链中产品数据的扩展。
• Croissant（可颂）：一个为机器学习数据集构建的社区元数据词汇表。

Conclusion and Further Resources

Understanding the hierarchical organization of types and properties, along with the role of hosted sections (like pending and health-lifesci) and external extensions, is crucial for effectively implementing Schema.org markup. This structure ensures both a stable core for widespread use and a flexible mechanism for domain-specific expansion. For the latest updates and detailed project history, refer to the official releases page.

理解类型和属性的层次结构组织，以及托管部分（如 pending 和 health-lifesci）和外部扩展的作用，对于有效实施 Schema.org 标记至关重要。这种结构既确保了广泛使用的稳定核心，又提供了针对特定领域扩展的灵活机制。有关最新更新和详细的项目历史，请参阅官方的发布页面。